Communism Essay

Communism Essay Free Online Research Papers Communism Essay Political Science Paper â€Å"Communism is the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat.† Fredrick Engers seeks to explain how communism is the solution to free the proletariat in his book call The Principles of Communism. Beginning in the last half of the eighteenth century when England was in the middle of an industrial revolution, proletariats have been deprived of their independence. A proletariat is a person of the class which lives entirely from the sale of its own labor. They are poor and propertyless and are forced to work under harsh working conditions for a class of big capitalists called bourgeoisie. Fredrick Engers states that if competition is abolished, there is no privately owned property, money is centralized, and there is an equal obligation for all citizens, the proletariat will be lead to victory and liberation. One of the key aspects of communism is the abolition of competition. The central power must take control of all production and industry because all branches of business compete with each other. When these businesses compete, they push the proletariats to work harder and faster so that they can produce more and gain more income than other businesses. The proletariat class grows larger and the majority of the population suffers. Soon, the middle class of specialized handicraftsmen is gone. If there are no competing business owners then there will be no strict owners who need the proletariats, which will therefore lead to freedom of the hardworking bottom class. Communism’s most significant characteristic is the abolition of private property. Engers thinks that we should practice the communal ownership of goods. The management of large corporations comes with the idea of private property. The bourgeoisie own the factories and hire large amounts of proletariats. If proletariats are to be liberated there must be no bourgeoisie who can own their own private property. The centralization of money and all credit is another important factor of communism. The money must be kept in a national bank at the hands of the bank. The same amount of money will go to each person so that nobody is richer or in a higher class. There will be nobody with more power who can tell others what to do. The centralization of money and credit will ultimately lead to the liquidation of the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes because nobody will have more money or power over anyone. Communism can only work if there is an equal obligation on all members of society. Every person must work and do the job that they are assigned. From the work they do, they will earn the money and property that they need. If everyone is expected to work under the same conditions with no strict managers, the proletariats will be freed from their lives of being poor and weakened by the bourgeoisie. In conclusion, Fredrick Engers was right when he stated that â€Å"communism of the doctrine of conditions of the liberation of the proletariat.† Today, the problem between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is growing larger. If society rids itself of competition, abolishes private property, puts all money and credit into a national bank, and creates an obligation to work for all members of society then the proletariat will be liberated. Ultimately, if countries today begin to move into communist societies, the proletariat class will soon disappear. Research Papers on Communism EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part One

Robert Lynds Essay on the Pleasures of Ignorance

Robert Lynds Essay on the Pleasures of Ignorance Born in Belfast, Robert Lynd moved to London when he was 22 and soon  became a popular and prolific essayist, critic, columnist, and poet. His essays are characterized by humor, precise  observations, and a lively, engaging style. From Ignorance To Discovery Writing under the pseudonym of Y.Y., Lynd contributed a weekly literary essay to the New Statesman magazine from 1913 to 1945. The Pleasures of Ignorance is one of those many essays. Here he offers examples from nature to demonstrate his thesis that out of ignorance we get the constant  pleasure of discovery. The Pleasures of Ignorance by Robert Lynd (1879-1949) 1 It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman- especially, perhaps, in April or May- without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance. It is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of ones own ignorance. Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird. Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrushs and a blackbirds song is the exception. It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we have not noticed them. We have been surrounded by birds all our lives, yet so feeble is our observation that many of us could not tell whether or not the chaffinch sings, or the colour of the cuckoo. We argue like small boys as to whether the cuckoo always sings as he flies or sometimes in the branches of a tree- whether [George] Chapman drew on his fancy or his knowl edge of nature in the lines: When in the oaks green arms the cuckoo sings,And first delights men in the lovely springs. Ignorance And Discovery This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable. Out of it we get the constant pleasure of discovery. Every fact of nature comes to us each spring, if only we are sufficiently ignorant, with the dew still on it. If we have lived half a lifetime without having ever even seen a cuckoo, and know it only as a wandering voice, we are all the more delighted at the spectacle of its runaway flight as it hurries from wood to wood conscious of its crimes, and at the way in which it halts hawk-like in the wind, its long tail quivering, before it dares descend on a hill-side of fir-trees where avenging presences may lurk. It would be absurd to pretend that the naturalist does not also find pleasure in observing the life of the birds, but his is a steady pleasure, almost a sober and plodding occupation, compared to the morning enthusiasm of the man who sees a cuckoo for the first time, and, behold, the world is made new.2  And, as to that, the happiness even of the naturalist depends in so me measure upon his ignorance, which still leaves him new worlds of this kind to conquer. He may have reached the very Z of knowledge in the books, but he still feels half ignorant until he has confirmed each bright particular with his eyes. He wishes with his own eyes to see the female cuckoo- rare spectacle!- as she lays her egg on the ground and takes it in her bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide. He would sit day after day with a field-glass against his eyes in order personally to endorse or refute the evidence suggesting that the cuckoo does lay on the ground and not in a nest. And, if he is so far fortunate as to discover this most secretive of birds in the very act of laying, there still remain for him other fields to conquer in a multitude of such disputed questions as whether the cuckoos egg is always of the same colour as the other eggs in the nest in which she abandons it. Assuredly the men of science have no reason as yet to weep over their lost ignorance. If they seem to know everything, it is only because you and I know almost nothing. There will always be a fortune of ignorance waiting for them under every fact they turn up. They will never know what song the Sirens sang to Ulysses any more than Sir Thomas Browne did. The Cuckoo Illustration 3  If I have called in the cuckoo to illustrate the ordinary mans ignorance, it is not because I can speak with authority on that bird. It is simply because, passing the spring in a parish that seemed to have been invaded by all the cuckoos of Africa, I realised how exceedingly little I, or anybody else I met, knew about them. But your and my ignorance is not confined to cuckoos. It dabbles in all created things, from the sun and moon down to the names of the flowers. I once heard a clever lady asking whether the new moon always appears on the same day of the week. She added that perhaps it is better not to know, because, if one does not know when or in what part of the sky to expect it, its appearance is always a pleasant surprise. I fancy, however, the new moon always comes as a surprise even to those who are familiar with her time-tables. And it is the same with the coming in of spring and the waves of the flowers. We are not the less delighted to find an early primrose because we are sufficiently learned in the services of the year to look for it in March or April rather than in October. We know, again, that the blossom precedes and not succeeds the fruit of the apple tree, but this does not lessen our amazement at the beautiful holiday of a May orchard. The Pleasure Of Learning 4At the same time there is, perhaps, a special pleasure in re-learning the names of many of the flowers every spring. It is like re-reading a book that one has almost forgotten. Montaigne tells us that he had so bad a memory that he could always read an old book as though he had never read it before. I have myself a capricious and leaking memory. I can read Hamlet itself and The Pickwick Papers as though they were the work of new authors and had come wet from the press, so much of them fades between one reading and another. There are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy. But this is only when life has an object beyond entertainment. In respect of mere luxury, it may be doubted whether there is not as much to be said for a bad memory as for a good one. With a bad memory one can go on reading Plutarch and The Arabian Nights all ones life. Little shreds and tags, it is probable, will stick even in the worst memory, just as a succession of sheep cannot leap through a gap in a hedge without leaving a few wisps of wool on the thorns. But the sheep themselves escape, and the great authors leap in the same way out of an idle memory and leave little enough behind. The Pleasure Of Asking Questions 5And, if we can forget books, it is as easy to forget the months and what they showed us, when once they are gone. Just for the moment I tell myself that I know May like the multiplication table and could pass an examination on its flowers, their appearance and their order. Today I can affirm confidently that the buttercup has five petals. (Or is it six? I knew for certain last week.) But next year I shall probably have forgotten my arithmetic, and may have to learn once more not to confuse the buttercup with the celandine. Once more I shall see the world as a garden through the eyes of a stranger, my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields. I shall find myself wondering whether it is science or ignorance which affirms that the swift (that black exaggeration of the swallow and yet a kinsman of the humming-bird) never settles even on a nest, but disappears at night into the heights of the air. I shall learn with fresh astonishment that it is the male, and not the female, cuckoo that sings. I may have to learn again not to call the campion a wild geranium, and to rediscover whether the ash comes early or late in the etiquette of the trees. A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England. He answered without a moments hesitation: Rye. Ignorance so complete as this seems to me to be touched with magnificence; but the ignorance even of illiterate persons is enormous. The average man who uses a telephone could not explain how a telephone works. He takes for granted the telephone, the railway train, the linotype, the aeroplane, as our grandfathers took for granted the miracles of the gospels. He neither questions nor understands them. It is as though each of us investigated and made his own only a tiny circle of facts. Knowledge outside the days work is regarded by most men as a gewgaw. Still we are constantly in reaction against our ignorance. We rouse ourselves at intervals and speculate. We rev el in speculations about anything at all- about life after death or about such questions as that which is said to have puzzled Aristotle, why sneezing from noon to midnight was good, but from night to noon unlucky. One of the greatest joys known to man is to take such a flight into ignorance in search of knowledge. The great pleasure of ignorance is, after all, the pleasure of asking questions. The man who has lost this pleasure or exchanged it for the pleasure of dogma, which is the pleasure of answering, is already beginning to stiffen. One envies so inquisitive a man as [Benjamin] Jowett, who sat down to the study of physiology in his sixties. Most of us have lost the sense of our ignorance long before that age. We even become vain of our squirrels hoard of knowledge and regard increasing age itself as a school of omniscience. We forget that Socrates was famed for wisdom not because he was omniscient but because he realised at the age of seventy that he still knew nothing. * Originally appearing in  The New Statesman, The Pleasures of Ignorance by Robert Lynd served as the lead essay in his collection  The Pleasures of Ignorance  (Riverside Press and Charles Scribners Sons, 1921)

Experience never be forgeten Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experience never be forgeten - Essay Example ollection of those events and how we challenged that situation has always been a thrilling experience for me and the story is often repeated by me to my inquisitive friends and relatives. We were a group of five friends and we made elaborate arrangements for the proposed camping adventure. A week before the date of departure for the camp, we busied ourselves in shopping and we collected tents and trappings and other equipment needed for the camping. We collected various items of food. The choices of each of one we were different and thus we had a good collection of food items. We had decided to stay overnight at the camping site which was all the more exciting. We started off early in the morning, and loaded our suitcases on the carrier of the car, and by 7.30 a.m. began heading for the destination. We had rented a car, and I had not thoroughly checked its condition, before agreeing to take it, and that was a serious mistake that I committed, especially when we were going on a long journey. The car began to tell its story and it seemed as if it is not happy with its noisy companions. We had covered a distance of about fifteen miles and at a lonely stretch and I had to bring the car to a screeching halt due to a flat tire and I had a difficult time in controlling it. None of us were experts in fixing the tire, but with great difficulty and hesitation we solved the problem. My only fear was what we should do, if another tire would go flat. After fixing the tire problem, we had tea and snacks in a roadside restaurant and then we moved further. I was driving slowly and after covering about 10 miles, I suddenly realized that I forgot my cellphone at the restaurant, and we had just crossed a bridge and the next exist was after 4 miles. We had to get back and I felt that the bridge was mocking at us, for we were using it for the third time in less than one hour. The GPS was also quite unfriendly and was constantly teasing us with â€Å"Keep Right† and â€Å"Keep Leftà ¢â‚¬ 

Patent Litigation and the Internet Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Patent Litigation and the Internet - Article Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that 21 smartphones in Samsungs lineup, including the newest iteration of its Galaxy line the Galaxy S III, are being targeted for the ban. The goal, it seems clear, is to shut out Samsung from this important market, and in other key markets around the world. Taking a step back, differentiation for Samsung comes, first from the scale and the ability to compete on scale economics rather than design, and later with innovations around design, manufacturing, software and apps, new materials, further improvements in scale for component parts. The case highlights the notion of the smartphone industry in general as being an area that is fraught with litigation, where patents are being used as weapons in a kind of arms race for supremacy in the space. The estimates at present are that about 250,000 different patents cover a smartphone from the skin to the electronic board, and each of those patents can be used to claim some stake in the whole technol ogy. That claim can be used to ignite patent litigation. It is noteworthy that Apple's patents cover areas tied to design, which moving forward are considered to be harder to enforce in comparison to the nuts and bolts engineering and technological patents that other patent holders, such as Nokia and Samsung, hold. In the fray too, are patents from other major players, such as Microsoft, and to a lesser extent, Google, the latter being the indirect target of the Apple patent suits against Samsung. Experts note that Google is really the ultimate target of the Apple suits, and linked to Google, all the other major players in the Android ecosystem, including HTC. Yet smartphones technologies and patents differ too, in one crucial respect, in that while patent lawsuits can temporarily derail market advancement, in the long run, engineers are able to create workarounds that skip using contested technologies and patents altogether, or else manufacturers such as Samsung are forced to enter into   patent licensing agreements when the patents in question are essential and irreplaceable.

Prejudice In To Kill A Mocking :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird is a story of racial injustice, sexism, and many other types of prejudice. Perhaps the most obvious form of prejudice found in the novel is racism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Robinson was a hardworking, charitable person, who always put the needs of others above his own, but because of his skin colour. He was chosen as a target of racial prejudice, by those too ignorant to recognize his kindness, and care for all those around him. The 35-year-old, husband of three would never hurt a soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Robinson was found guilty and convicted by an all white jury for a crime he did not commit, the rape of Mayella Ewell, on the night of November the 21st . The trial, and death of Tom Robinson is just one instance of racial prejudice found in the novel, but maybe one of the strongest issues of racism which exists. Atticus Finch once said, “It’s a sin to kill a mockingbird (Lee 90).'; So why did death come to Tom Robinson, such a kind hearted loving person, whose only true sin was pity for a white woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many other instances in To Kill A Mockingbird where racism is clearly shown. When Aunt Alexandra makes her first appearance in the novel, she says to Calpurnia, “Put my bags in the front bedroom, Calpurnia (Lee 127).'; This shows the lack of respect and feeling of superiority that Aunt Alexandra has for Calpurnia, because of the colour of her skin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inhabitants of the small Southern town of Maycomb are so unaware of their words that racism and racial slander has become a ‘normal’ everyday thing, children grow seeing nothing wrong in being racist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racial slander is so commonly used that it is clearly seen that even the author of the novel does not realize the wrong in it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexism is also shown throughout the novel. “Atticus,'; he said, “why don’t people like us and Miss Maudie ever sit on juries? You never see anybody from Maycomb on a jury-they all come from out in the woods.'; Atticus leaned back in his rocking chair. For some reason he looked pleased with Jem. “I was wondering when that’d occur to you,'; he said. “There are lots of reasons. For one thing, Miss Maudie can’t serve on a jury because she’s a woman.'; “You mean women in Alabama can’t-?'; I was indignant. “I do. I guess it’s to protect our frail ladies from sordid cases like Tom’s.

Exterminate the brutes Essay

â€Å"The Heart of Darkness† by Conrad is one of the great novels of English literature. This novel exposes the greed, malice and selfishness of the European men. They exploit the wealth of Africa in the name of civilizing the natives. They take away their ivory and in return gave them hunger, destitution, poverty, degradation and death. The English men of this novel lack morals and conscience. Conrad observed the hypocrisy of his countrymen and exposed it in a marvelous way in this short piece of art. In this novel he brings before us the nature of â€Å"western superiority† in primitive lands. Reading this story repeatedly, we know that the dark English coast before him recalls for Marlow the darkness of modern Africa, which is the natural darkness of the jungle but more than that the darkness of moral vacancy, leading to the atrocities he has beheld in Africa. This moral darkness of Africa, we learn later, is not the darkness of the ignorance of the natives, but of the Whitman who blinded themselves and corrupted the natives by their claim to be light-bearers. Walter Allen believes that, â€Å"The Heart of Darkness of the title is at once the heart of Africa, the heart of evil- everything that is nihilistic corrupt and malign – and perhaps the heart of man† According to Conrad himself, the story of â€Å"heart of darkness† is about the â€Å"criminality of inefficiency and pure selfishness when tackling the civilizing working Africa†. In the story Marlow makes much of the inefficiency and selfishness he sees everywhere along his journey in Africa. But it is the criminality of the civilizing work itself that receives the heaviest emphasis in the novel as a whole. J. W. Beach believes that Kurtz is the representative and dramatization of all that Conrad felt of futility and horror in what the Europeans in the Congo called â€Å"progress†, which meant the exploitation of the natives by the white men. Kurtz was to Marlow, penetrating this country, a name, constantly recurring in people’s talk, for cleverness and enterprise. But there were slight intimations, growing stronger as Marlow drew near to the heart of darkness, of traits and practices so abhorrent to all our notions of decency, honor and humanity that the enterprising trader gradually takes on the proportion of a ghastly and almost supernatural monster symbol for Marlow of the general spirit of this European undertaking On his journey up the Congo, Marlow comes across the forsaken railway truck, looking as dead as the carcass of some animal; the brick maker idling for a year with no bricks and no hope of materials for making them; the â€Å"wanton smashup† of drainage pipes abandoned in a ravine; burst, piled up cases of rivets at the outer station and no way of getting them to the damaged steam boat at the Central Station; the vast artificial hole somebody had been digging on the slope- all these and many more are the examples of the criminality of the inefficiency. Wilson Follet believed that in this novel, â€Å"the European is shown drained, diseased, a prey to madness and unutterable horror and death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This proves that the white men over there, except the company’s accountant, are inefficient and selfish. They themselves do nothing, whereas on the other hand they exploit the natives to the maximum, they extract the maximum workout of them and pay them three nine –inch long brass-wire pieces a week, which are insufficient to buy them anything. As such most of the natives are starving and dying. This novel is a very faithful accord of the cruelties and atrocities perpetrated on the natives of Africa by their European masters. Talking of the roman conquest of England, Conrad says, it was â€Å"just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a grand scale, and men going at it blind-as is very proper for those who tackle darkness†. What Romans had done in England, the English did in South Africa. Marlow admits that English conquests, like all others, â€Å"means the taking away it from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves,† though Kurtz went to the African jungle with an idea to civilize the natives; he saw his mission in Africa as that of torchbearer for white civilization. But very soon he starts extracting from the natives human sacrifices to himself as god. Finally, his hatred for the natives plunged to the depth out of which came his prescription of the only method for dealing with primitive people: â€Å"Exterminate the brutes! † The European Whitman in Africa is parasites; they are hollow; they have no personal moral vision of their inhumanity and folly. They are also collapsible, because their society’s institutions are incapable to hold them up. Ivory has become the idol of the foolish run of European pilgrims; and Kurtz is no exception. † all Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz. † Joseph Conrad is a modern artist. He uses impressionistic technique of novel writing in his novel, â€Å" The Heart of Darkness†. The appeal of a novel, Joseph Conrad wrote, â€Å"must be and impression conveyed through senses â€Å". This impression could not be conveyed through the most complete inventory of details; it is an intuitive whole and must be rendered so, instantaneously. † the meaning of an episode is not inside like a kernel but outside enveloping it,† his spokesman Marlow declared. He avoids generalized narrative. He tell us the story in vivid impressions something like Virginia wolf. E. M. Forster in his seminal novel â€Å" A Passage To India’ too discuss some what â€Å"the Heart of Darkness† like situation. This novel discusses in detail the severe clash between the two fundamentally different cultures, those of East and West. The administration and their families residing there represent the westerners. Although these western people wish to maintain good relations with the easterners whom they govern, they have no desire to understand India or Indians. The Westerners rule the natives with an iron hand without caring for justice and fair play.

Women Of The Medieval And Early Modern Period - 1287 Words

Compared to men, women had limited agency and mobility in many parts of the medieval and early modern period. Moreover, there is evidence that women faced obstacles when they tried to enact their agency. Nevertheless, there are many examples where women were able to affect societal structures and navigate around conflicts. For example, women could manifest their agency through the medieval justice system, by being directly involved in societal movements such as Catharism, or through the use of Gossip. The question is than, to what extent did women have agency in the context of historical documents. First, there are a few historical documents which can be used to establish some of the limitations and obstacles in attaining agency. One example is the story of a nameless widow from the medieval city of Ghent. Her story is mentioned in the pardon letter given to her kidnappers. Based on the evidence in the letter, she was kidnapped against her will and forced to be married and live away from her home for months. Her kidnapper’s agency was such that they were able to thwart people â€Å"who tried to protect the widow.† The widow in this situation had limited recourse. The widow in this story was eventually able to file a legal complaint against her kidnappers, and thus enact her agency, but this important use of agency will be discussed latter. 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