The Law of Sexual Harassment Essay Example For Students

The Law of Sexual Harassment Essay Abstract Sexual harassment is a very popular case that has taken place ever since in the 1960s. As time goes by and with the law slowly changing, more cases of sexual harassment were acknowledged by the courts. There are two types of sexual harassment, namely quid pro quo and hostile work environment, and it has been a shared burden among the judges the difficulty in drawing a fine line between them. However, quid pro quo cases are harder to win because the criteria is very straightforward. That is why most cases are being passed as hostile work environment because this type has a broader scope. We will write a custom essay on The Law of Sexual Harassment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sexual harassment cases vary in themselves. There is a case of a female employer harassing her male employee, a sexual harassment taking place without the knowledge of the employer, and a case where it is actually a no-case at all. Nevertheless, the discussion is still in the context to analyze the legal differences between quid pro quo and hostile work environment. Introduction Sexual harassment has been fogging nearly every workplace across the U.S. It was already a problem happening in most companies one generation ago, but was not acknowledged to be one because the court treated such matters to be private and personal (Cloud, 1998). Now, sexual harassment cases have made its way to the law and something that most employers will never dare to meddle with. In this paper, I will examine the legal differences between two legal aspects of sexual harassment, quid pro quo and hostile work environment, by examining some several court cases as guidance. But before that, I would like to get into a little bit of the background of sexual harassment in the U.S. Brief History of Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment has been around ever since in the 1980s. However, its was not until 1986 did the Supreme Court finally rule that sexual harassment violated the prohibition against sex discrimination, despite the guidelines provided by EEOC in 1980 for sexual harassment to be categorized under sex discrimination This decision was resulted from Vinson vs. Meritor Savings Bank case, which I will go into deeper in later paragraphs. Nevertheless, this decision still did not give the clear guideline as to what constituted hostile work environment and what constituted quid pro quo, to be able for cases to be acknowledged as a sexual harassment case (Lee, 1995). Quid Pro Quo Quid pro quo simply means that if you give something that your boss wants from you, he/she will give you something in return, usually a promotion or a raise in your salary. Sometimes, it is also known as sexual extortion (Lee, 1995). For a case to be acknowledged as quid pro quo, the harasser has to be either the employer or in the management team. Not only that, if the harasser is in the management team, the owner of the company will be held liable even though he has no knowledge of the harassment (Blackwell, 1995). Quid pro quo cases are very hard to be proven as one. A generation ago, not even the most obvious case of quid pro quo would be considered as one by many court judges. The reason behind this was because they felt that such matters were personal. It did not help the situation at all that at that time most of the judges were males (Cloud, 1998). However, the situation improved slowly in the 1960s. It was not until in 1977 that the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that quid pro quo harassment is a form of sex discrimination. Even better, in the 1990s, George Bush signed a law that grants sexual harassment plaintiffs the right to jury trials and big-money damages (Cloud, 1998). Nevertheless, despite the change, quid pro quo cases were still very difficult to win. For an instance, Mechelle Vinson, who worked as a teller at Meritor Savings Bank in the 1970s, was forced by her boss into having a sex relationship with him. She finally gave in, even though she was under a lot of pressure, even at work, where her boss would sometimes touch her sexually and there were occasions when he actually raped her. .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .postImageUrl , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:hover , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:visited , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:active { border:0!important; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:active , .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf98707b890d6b4f2dedeb8f722171c7d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homosexual Parenting Essay It was not long .

Consumer Advertising & VALS essays

Consumer Advertising & VALS essays The use of advertising by companies today is an integral part to the relationship between businesses and consumers. Companies that know why their customers act the way they do can gear their advertising accordingly and thus gain a competitive edge. A popular technique businesses use to conduct research on customers is through the Values and Lifestyles (VALS) system. VALS categorizes U.S. adult consumers into mutually exclusive groups based on their psychology and several key demographics. VALS is said to be unique because it highlights factors that motivate consumer buying behavior, according to the Business Intelligence Center. Unlike other segmentation systems that are based solely on demographics, VALS goes a step beyond by looking at the underlying psychological make-up of the public. Established in 1978, VALS is one of the first major consumer segmentation surveys based on lifestyle characteristics, demographics, and psychographics. The system analyzes results based on how people pursue and acquire products and services, and the experiences that shape their identities. These results can be used to identify certain target customers, to uncover what the target group buys and does, to locate where the target group lives, and to identify how best to communicate with that group. Consumer products and services companies throughout the United States have used VALS to improve product development, product positioning, promotion planning, advertising effectiveness, advertising implementation, and corporate image. The system places respondents to the VALS questionnaire into eight separate categories based on distinctive behavior characteristics that may alter decision-making patterns. After taking the survey and submitting the results, the system places respondents in a primary and secondary category. My primary category was actualizer and secondary was experiencer. VALS describes ...

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Portfolio - Essay Example Attention, therefore, shall be devoted to the value of negotiation, and the interrelationship between negotiation and intelligence, as learnt throughout the course of this program. Selection of negotiation as the theme was determined by its persistent presence in the greater majority of the themes dealt with and topics covered. Whether explicit or implicit, covert or overt, the importance of negotiation never faded from attention and the imperatives of acquiring a conceptual understanding of this skill for subsequent practical exploitation was an overriding program concern and objective. To illustrate this point, I will use examples from all of the course’s theoretical studies, practical experiences and key readings. The MA in Diplomatic Studies combines between theory and practice, thus, acknowledging diplomacy to be, in part, the practical application of theoretical concepts. As such, academic discussions were consistently grounded in theory, with the aforementioned serving, not only to frame knowledge but, to provide students with interpretive tools as would allow them a more thorough understanding of international affairs and relations. IR theory emphasised the imperatives of negotiation and the role of intelligence therein. The divisive nature of IR theory, as evidenced in clear demarcations between schools of theory, highlights the utility of negotiation aiming towards a compromised theoretical outlook. Quite simply stated, the persistent division of theoretical schools into idealists and realists has culminated in a situation wherein events do not dictate interpretation but theory dictates the manner in which events will be interpreted, with the consequences being less than accurate understandings of the implications of the events in question. Neither the scope nor the complexities of IR withstands such clear, and highly delimiting, demarcations and, their enforcement lends to the loss of meaning. If a diplomat is

Good Country People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Country People - Essay Example The story â€Å"Good country people† portrays a number of aspects that are crucial to the development of the plot in the story, as well as bringing out the meaning. The aspects include perspective, conflict and the tone used in the story, which this paper seeks to bring out in an analysis of the story The story brings out a feminist perspective owing to the characters used in the book (O’Connor 1). This is following the Hopewell family composition and the family of Mrs. Freeman, where in the two families, there do not exist male elements, as either sons or parents.. As a result, the story follows the lives of the women found in these families, with the main character being Joy, the daughter of Mrs. Hopewell. Feminist is also portrayed by the presence of the strong educational background that Joy, also known as Hulga, has. This is by having a college education all through to Doctoral degree, which shows the power that a woman holds provides she has an education. This is due to her tendency to dissociate with other members of the society due to her pride. In addition, the story also brings out the conflict between science and religion. This is in relation to Joy’s atheist and nihilistic point of view towards the world and people, where she practices her atheist beliefs on a young Bible salesperson (Bosco 284). This is as portrayed by her intentions on the second that the couple goes on after Manley asks Joy out. There is also the case where Manley steals Joy’s prosthetic limb due to his fetish for artificial body pars belonging to women. This is unbecoming behavior of a person expected to be of upright moral standing. As a result, this serves a means to broaden the conflict between religion and science, as well as social issues. She denies the existence of God, but she still works towards finding some form of spiritual enlightenment by going out with Manley. In addition, the conflict of morality and ethics is also brought up in the sto ry. This is following the deception of Manley in order to get to Joy, by pretending to be a bible salesperson and deceiving Mrs. Hopewell that he is poor and getting her to take pity on him. This shows how far moral degradation has gone to the point where religion can be used for personal gain. The above is portrayed by Manley when he opens his case to reveal two fake bibles, a flask of whiskey and a park of cards among other things. Moreover, the whole story is written from a third person’s point of view, who in this case is a narrator. For this reason, the story is based on observation and not on the experience of the narrator meaning that, the story may bear a bias due to the nature of the narrator. The narrator tells of the events that take place in the lives of the women in the two families, moreover, their lives are portrayed as monotonous. As a result, it focuses on the nature of life for women in a society where tradition is embraced as a social norm, and those that a re go against it are labeled as ingrates who are ungrateful for the same values that helped raise them. This is as the case of Joy or Hulga who views her mother as a backward person, as she lives as per traditional conventions as shown by her dressing. The tone used is that of disgust or anger directed towards the nature of the earth at the time of writing the story. This is owing to the prevalence of lack of honesty among country people, which is brought out by the fact that Manley is a swindler in Mrs. Hopewell’s house (O’Connor 15). Disgust is also shown following the open disadvantage at which Joy is following the relations that she has with Manley. At the point that Manley takes Joy’s foot, the tone is brought out clearly following the state that Joy is left, vulnerable. This shows anger at the world for its unfair practices especially where they are least expected, from a religious person, Manley. In addition, it shows anger at the discriminative practices directed at people with disability due to Joy’

Molecular Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Molecular Biology - Essay Example From the year 2011, the cases of Pertuhas have been rising in various parts of the world. Also in regions having sustained coverage of high vaccination (Pestana, 2010). In European Countries, the situation is the same, with various nations observing a rise in adults, adolescents, and infants. ECDC is taking note of the improvement and harmonization of the diagnosis for the outbreak detection, monitoring, and outbreak to assure the comparability and quality of the data. In 2011, ECDC came up with a project coordination of tasks for the surveillance of the lab of the whooping cough in EEA and Member nations. One of the reasons behind the project was to come up with a document on the guidance that related to using real time PCR on the extracted DNA from the specimens found in clinics gotten from the clients that have whooping cough. The protocol and guidance are meant for the PCR on the extracted DNA from the specimens that are suspected of contracting the whooping cough. The infection behind this is the B. parapertussis or even B. pertussis. The suitable samples are either NPS (nasopharyngeal swabs or NPA (nasopharyngeal aspirates) which were used in sampling the specimens from the patient’s posterior nasopharynx (Pestana, 2010). Other species of Bordetella like B. brondhiseptica and B.holmesii can be detected using the PCR from the extracted DNA from nasopharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs, and various amplification goals that were used in Bordetella are found in more than single species of Bordetella. It is crucial that the results of PCR are well interpreted. Pertussis’ clinical symptoms are typical in children who are not vaccinated. The symptoms include vomiting, coughing spams, and whooping. However, in scenarios of unvaccinated infants and neonates normally present with apnea as a symptoms. The B.pertussis infections in adults, adolescents, and older children represents contacts with the

Digital Security And Privacy Information Technology Essay

Digital Security And Privacy Information Technology Essay In this essay i will look at the basic fundamentals of security and privacy for users and businesses in the 21st century and what i think the security risks are for them and what the impact the security problems have on our privacy laws, does this controversal access to everybit of information about people actually make system more secure e.g prevent system attacks. I will go indept into what i believe are the main security risks for users and businesses when browsing the internet or shopping and using online banking and also discuse briefly what it would be like to have no privacy. I will also discuses how when a user goes on a scoial networking site or search engine they might be at risk of sharing information unwillingly with the providers. And another topic i will be discussing in this is how humans fail in there bit for security and how to prevent this from happening. Digital security in the 21st century is now more important than ever before, there are many different types of security threats to the average person, business or even government. This is because everything we do on a daily basis can have a security risk, whether it be from online shopping or checking your email. If a users computer has been hacked or has some spyware or malware and they are using it for online shopping, then the attacker may be able to gain access to the users sensitive data which can then be used for fraud or theft or sold on to a third party for marketing data. Shopping in a store using your debit card can also be a risk as debit cards can be cloned by staff and pin numbers stolen using a device that looks the same as the card machine but has been designed or modified to remember pin codes and clone users debit cards/credit card details. Laptops and Mobile phones being stolen can have personal information on them, even losing your universal serial bus storage device or USB pen drive as they are know as for short which can contain all sorts of information because people, businesses and governments all use these devises to move or store data. And if the data is not encrypted then there is always the chance that someone can gain access to it. Security is the main issue when it comes to a persons personal information whether it be from browsing the Internet to online banking there will always be people who want to steal information for an entire range of reasons (eg: phishing and fraud) ! Another thing to be wary of is the topic of Liberty; are security laws infringing on our basic human rights to privacy and our security by allowing corporations and even governments to spy on our Internet communications for what they call  ¿Ã‚ ½anti-piracy ¿Ã‚ ½ or National Security such as the PATRIOT Act in the United Sates of America, and this brings me to conclude, why should the rights of the many suffer because of the actions of a few. And this is being debated everyday of every week by civil rights activists to our own government deciding what they can do and cannot do. Too much information available about anyone to anyone can be dangerous and this topic should be taken extremely seriously. One major impact on privacy is the development of social networking sites and search engine providers that sell the users information to third parties. The quote Privacy is a fundamental human right. It underpins human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech. It has become one of the most important human rights of the modern age. by Marc Rotenberg, Protecting Human Dignity in the Digital Age (UNESCO 2000) 1. And i think that we are heading into a society that does not care about the fundamental human rights we have and how we attained them. For example anti-utopian, dystopian novels of the 20th century, depicted societies where privacy was non existant and an intrusive, oppressive regime denied this fundamental human right as a matter of course. In Yevgeny Zamyatins novel  ¿Ã‚ ½We ¿Ã‚ ½ 2the population lived in buildings constructed of glass, which allowed everyone and anyone to snoop on anyone whom they wished. Opposition is impossible in a society where privacy is non-existant. George Orwells 1984  ¿Ã‚ ½Big Brother ¿Ã‚ ½ and tele-screen are frighteningly similar to todays move towards a 21stcentury society where the Government and corporations have full access to every bit of any citizens digital life. The 19thcentury black champion of civil rights, Frederick Douglass protested that any rights and liberties won by any people were awarded after contesting the power structures of society. He said in 1857 that  ¿Ã‚ ½Power concedes nothing without a demand, it never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to, and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong that will be imposed upon them. ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 Frederick Douglass, speaking on the emancipation of the West Indies, 1857  ¿Ã‚ ½Men may not get all they pay for in this world, but they must certainly pay for all they get. ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 also has meaning to that you can use a search engine for free and also a social networking site, but be careful of your information as they might sell it on to third parties. In the book; The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security 4, the authors Kevin D. Mitnick William L. Simon na ¿Ã‚ ½blame the Human individual as the weakest link, the individual is relegated to a position below the security system in question. Page 3, titled in big black letters  ¿Ã‚ ½Securitys Weakest Link ¿Ã‚ ½ states  ¿Ã‚ ½the humanfactor is truly securitys weakest link. ¿Ã‚ ½ In the Computer Security Handbook, John Wiley Sons (2002) 5which some of the top security specialists in the world have contributed to. Donn B. Parker, a retired (1997) senior management consultant at RedSiren Technologies in Menlo Park, Ca, who has specialised in information security for 35 of his 50 years in the computer field and who Information Security Magazinehas identified as one of the five top Infosecurity Pioneers (1998) writes in  ¿Ã‚ ½5.1.3 Functions of Information Security Computer Security Handbook ¿Ã‚ ½ that the complete opposite to the previous paragraph is true, that the current three function security model, (prevention, detection, and recovery) are completely insufficient and that an 11 function model is needed to eliminate or mitigate the security risks in question, which include avoidance, deterrence, detection, prevention, mitigation, transference, investigation, sanctions rewards, recovery, correction, finally; education 5. It is easy to jump to conclusions and intuitively blame the people whom personify  ¿Ã‚ ½hackers ¿Ã‚ ½ or adversaries to computer security professionals, but history shows us that nothing should be taken for granted concerning security. No system will be inherently perfect, and new technologies are continually being created and updated, and most will likely become more secure as time goes on. Human nature on the other hand is a constant and no man or woman should ever denigrate humanity to a role below that of a firewall, for any reason. If a computer security system is vulnerable, patch the system or come up with innovative methods to secure it from outside access, improve on the imperfect and take comfort knowing that you have executed your job successfully, thus without sacrificing your morality. Types of attack  ¿Ã‚ ½ Once a malicious program has been installed on a person or business or governments bodys computer, it can cause harm in many different ways. And the most typical mechanisms for attacks by hackers is:  ¿Ã‚ ½ taking control of a users access and pretending to be that legitimate user. This can be very bad if a hacker gains access to any information as the user might not realise in time for it to be stopped being used eg. bank account or credit card information being stolen.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Stealing or copying secret or confidential data for corporate espionage or other purposes.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Destroying corporate data to do financial damage to a business or government body  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Causing network and system shortages to paralyze a company ¿Ã‚ ½s operations eg. Denial of service attack (D.O.S) or Distributed denial of service attack (D.D.O.S). Risks to an Organisation: Security vulnerabilites coming from within an organisation are on the increase in todays businesses and are increasingly the operational risks of any business in todays world, and in a time of recession this is not good because it brings the running costs of the business up and costs to the average person may go up also . so this can lead to a loss of reputation in the regard to customers or partnership in a company or even the share holders of the company. There may also be a risk to the business by interruption to the company and lead to the violation of legal and government reulation requirements to protect sensitive customer information E.G OFCOM if the attack works, some examples are:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Unauthorized access to any information where the access includes disclosure, modification and destruction of any data.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Unauthorized users or hackers, i.e. a person who have not been given the rights by the owner/user to access the system. How do people fail in the line of security? Social Engineering Manipulation: con-artists are being used to acquire confidential information by manipulating genuine users into telling them. It is a new type of insider attack that is on the up trend similar to an attack that is knowm as  ¿Ã‚ ½phishing ¿Ã‚ ½ in which a malicious or hackeris able toget internal access with access to company sensitive information in turn which can lead to other users/customers into providing access to forbiddon information. These con-artists rely and work on the basis that people are kind hearted and not aware of the valuble information they know and are careless about protecting it because they think its irrelevant. These con-artists will search bins or skips or take advantage of people ¿Ã‚ ½s natural ability to choose passwords that are based on what is considered to bemeaningful to the user such as relative ¿Ã‚ ½s, date of birth or pets name etc but can be easily guessed if the hacker learns persoanl information about them. the name they now give the method these con-artists employ is called  ¿Ã‚ ½Social engineering ¿Ã‚ ½ and will always a threat to any security system. More internal threats may be: if there is aloss of data or data is corrupted, and backups fail this will lead to business having a losses of revenu and this in turn may affect the clients and loss of money to a business. There may also be misuse and theft of Call Records and information and also tele-communication center in which, internal breaches my accure by users who sometimes bypass the usage record from billing someone or a subscribers and then bydeleting the call record information from a database or by manipulating a program to overlook simple things to user subscribers. Identity theft: Identity theft of a customer ¿Ã‚ ½s valuable information such as address, security passwords credit card information, and date of birth or in a business ¿Ã‚ ½s sense, ID cards, Access codes . Identity fraud is a term that is used to refer to any type of crime in which any person or business wrongfully gets hold of and uses another person ¿Ã‚ ½s personal data in anyway way that may involves fraud or deception, typically for capital gains eg. giving the business an upper-hand from a competitor. Information used in scanning of biometrics for example of soem (face image scanner, palm print scanner, hand scanner ,handwriting of a person, fingerprints,voice recognition software, iris/retina scaners ) are each unique to every person and cannot be given to another human for their use, but can be faked, well some of them. However, personal data, especially a credit card account or debit card number, and other valuable personal information can be taken advantage of and maybe used by the wrong person for fraudulent purposes and sold to third parties at the cost to the average users. The not so innocent: Browsing the Web and using e-mails can seem a normal exercise in layman terms but may seem na ¿Ã‚ ½ve to the advanced users whom understand the security risks. For the average user however, all their activities can upset business. Some viruses that can do this are ( Worms/trojons/malware/spyware or Choke viruses) that are design and aimed at Instant Messaging systems that people use such as a social networking site and windows live messenger (MSN), the users may use these softwares or websites to talk to their friends online or send information from and each pose their own unique security threats. Anti-virus softwares and other tools may not detect malicious code opening through the font-system 6 or Instant Messaging system, so infected files can infect the desktop and then into the network or a business. If a company ¿Ã‚ ½s usb stick or security cards or notebooks are lost or stolen, important information may be at risk such as id names and Unique Identifier numbers. Outside threats to an organisation: External threats are mixed threats that combine many different ways such as worms, viruss, spam and distributed denial of service (DDOS). Every day, hundreds of new ways are discovered to attack software and security breaches by intruders, hackers and security professionals. There are more than 30k hacking-based Web sites on the internet now so it no longer needs a computer savy person to hack a site, just someone with time and patience. How to keep your computer safe with Virus Counter Measures. Regular Updating of a users Anti-Virus and Anti Spyware Software: This is to protect the user against viruses and malware/spyware and this is why antivirus software should be installed. All user email attachment files should be scanned: This is because computer viruses are most likely to be in an email attachment. just because emails come from your best friends does not mean it is still not important to scan there emails which may contain attachments before opening them as they may contain anything. Key points for handling email attachments:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Be careful when opening email attachments from unknown recipients.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not be fooled by the appearance of attachment files always check the extension to make sure its not a .exe, .com or any other  ¿Ã‚ ½executable ¿Ã‚ ½ extension for a word document or image file.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not send a plain text that can be included in the body of an email message as an attachment file eg. Encrypt your messages.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Learn about how email attachments are handled by different email programs.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Every file that is should be scanned with a users anti-virus and anti-spyware scanner before opening, because the user will never fully know whats inside.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ A lot of files such as image files, .MP3,.MP4 and .avi videos are downloaded from the Internet, but some are notwhat we expect and contain malicious programs embedded in them or in the code of these files to hurt or dammage our computers, and a way to avoid this is to be sure to scan downloaded files before using them or opening them. An example is the font system vulnerability of Windows XP. 6  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Take full advantage of the security functions/ settings supplied with any application software  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ Regulary updates of Security Patches Should be installed: All recent viruses attempt to exploit bug in a software or security holes that a programmer mite not have known about when creating the software to gain access to the operating systems and application software that a current user might be using.  ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½ If there is any weakness in your computer it can be and most likely will be infected with viruses or have corporate malware on them and the only way to combat this is by previewing emails or accessing the Internet when all security updates have been applied and clearing your Internet cookies after every session. causes of Virus Infection must not be overlooked. If you have encountered symptoms that you think are a virus you should do a scan, a users computer may have been infected with any sort of virus . so it is very important to watch out for this as it can be a major security flaw and scan your computer for viruses regularly to avoid disapointment. If a users computer system or an application freezes, or the system does not start. Files may be deltes or just become hidden. Unknown icons apear. some programs may make attempts to access the Internet without any notification to the user, this is why a firewall is needed. Emails are sent without the user ¿Ã‚ ½s consent. Scan intuitively to make sure there is no virus or spyware on a users PC. All a users data should backup data regulary in case of of system failure: Data corrupted by a system or hardware failure cannot always be restored by using software. Make the habit of getting use to backing up. Conclusion

Evolution Of Technology Essay -- essays research papers

Primitive men cleaved their universe into friends and enemies and responded with quick, deep emotion to even the mildest threats emanating from outside the arbitrary boundary. With the rise of chiefdoms and states, this tendency became institutionalized, war was adopted as an instrument of policy of some of the new societies, and those that employed it best became - tragically - the most successful. The evolution of warfare was an autocatalytic reaction that could not be halted by any people, because to attempt to reverse the process unilaterally was to fall victim. -E.O. Wilson, On Human Nature As every day passes we are become more and more a globalized society. With this ongoing cycle we come across a vast multitude of impasses. One of the main ideas leading toward this "global paradox" is the concept of global mindset. In this paper we will discuss all of the aspects of the global mindset: what it is, how it helps people live productively and successfully in the globalizing society, and how to develop an effective global mindset. Having a global mindset is a crucial competence of most businesses futures. What crucial competence means is the most sought after characteristic. Any level of manger that does not act with a global strategy will be left in the dust in today's globalizing markets. So what is a global mindset? Before we discuss what a global mindset is we must look at the reasons why we need a global mindset, so we can get a clearer picture of what we actually need. The world is becoming more interconnected and there have been recent changes in the world political systems. Incidents such as the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union; as well as revolutionary advances in communication technology. The implications for higher education in this changing world scene are significant as the new global workplace, driven by the up and coming information technology (IT) area, has made communication in daily life increasingly multinational and multicultural (Kim 617). Informal education is also a way to start. By this we mean that you don't have to go to formal classes to learn. Just by paying attention to people from other cultures in every day life we can enlarge our global mindset. In a class offered at the University of Rhode Island, BUS/COM 354, International Business Communication Exchange, students work in teams a... ... nations (Craige 5). To simplify this books main idea is to say that there is an underlying battle going on between not necessarily the nations to be the best, but inside the individuals, most of whom have tribalistic instincts. It is hard to do things and participate in things that you don't feel accustomed to which drives us into the conclusion of this paper. Those who want to succeed in today's global society, yes, have to have a global mindset, but it is much bigger than that. One must excel in what he or she does and give one hundred and ten percent effort all of the time. Of course, some people get lucky and get jobs handed to them, but for the vast majority of us it is a race. One race to the end of the path that we decide to take. Not everyone wins that race, and maybe that is not important. In today's globalizing society it is hard to feel like you are even part of the race. You may feel like you are doing well and then someone runs right past you and you don't even know what happened. We can't control the rate at which the global society is growing at and we wish we could say that everything and everyone will turn out a winner or at least happy. Yet this is untrue. Evolution Of Technology Essay -- essays research papers Primitive men cleaved their universe into friends and enemies and responded with quick, deep emotion to even the mildest threats emanating from outside the arbitrary boundary. With the rise of chiefdoms and states, this tendency became institutionalized, war was adopted as an instrument of policy of some of the new societies, and those that employed it best became - tragically - the most successful. The evolution of warfare was an autocatalytic reaction that could not be halted by any people, because to attempt to reverse the process unilaterally was to fall victim. -E.O. Wilson, On Human Nature As every day passes we are become more and more a globalized society. With this ongoing cycle we come across a vast multitude of impasses. One of the main ideas leading toward this "global paradox" is the concept of global mindset. In this paper we will discuss all of the aspects of the global mindset: what it is, how it helps people live productively and successfully in the globalizing society, and how to develop an effective global mindset. Having a global mindset is a crucial competence of most businesses futures. What crucial competence means is the most sought after characteristic. Any level of manger that does not act with a global strategy will be left in the dust in today's globalizing markets. So what is a global mindset? Before we discuss what a global mindset is we must look at the reasons why we need a global mindset, so we can get a clearer picture of what we actually need. The world is becoming more interconnected and there have been recent changes in the world political systems. Incidents such as the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union; as well as revolutionary advances in communication technology. The implications for higher education in this changing world scene are significant as the new global workplace, driven by the up and coming information technology (IT) area, has made communication in daily life increasingly multinational and multicultural (Kim 617). Informal education is also a way to start. By this we mean that you don't have to go to formal classes to learn. Just by paying attention to people from other cultures in every day life we can enlarge our global mindset. In a class offered at the University of Rhode Island, BUS/COM 354, International Business Communication Exchange, students work in teams a... ... nations (Craige 5). To simplify this books main idea is to say that there is an underlying battle going on between not necessarily the nations to be the best, but inside the individuals, most of whom have tribalistic instincts. It is hard to do things and participate in things that you don't feel accustomed to which drives us into the conclusion of this paper. Those who want to succeed in today's global society, yes, have to have a global mindset, but it is much bigger than that. One must excel in what he or she does and give one hundred and ten percent effort all of the time. Of course, some people get lucky and get jobs handed to them, but for the vast majority of us it is a race. One race to the end of the path that we decide to take. Not everyone wins that race, and maybe that is not important. In today's globalizing society it is hard to feel like you are even part of the race. You may feel like you are doing well and then someone runs right past you and you don't even know what happened. We can't control the rate at which the global society is growing at and we wish we could say that everything and everyone will turn out a winner or at least happy. Yet this is untrue.

Twilight 18. THE HUNT

18. THE HUNT They emerged one by one from the forest edge, ranging a dozen meters apart. The first male into the clearing fell back immediately, allowing the other male to take the front, orienting himself around the tall, dark-haired man in a manner that clearly displayed who led the pack. The third was a woman; from this distance, all I could see of her was that her hair was a startling shade of red. They closed ranks before they continued cautiously toward Edward's family, exhibiting the natural respect of a troop of predators as it encounters a larger, unfamiliar group of its own kind. As they approached, I could see how different they were from the Cullens. Their walk was catlike, a gait that seemed constantly on the edge of shifting into a crouch. They dressed in the ordinary gear of backpackers: jeans and casual button-down shirts in heavy, weatherproof fabrics. The clothes were frayed, though, with wear, and they were barefoot. Both men had cropped hair, but the woman's brilliant orange hair was filled with leaves and debris from the woods. Their sharp eyes carefully took in the more polished, urbane stance of Carlisle, who, flanked by Emmett and Jasper, stepped guardedly forward to meet them. Without any seeming communication between them, they each straightened into a more casual, erect bearing. The man in front was easily the most beautiful, his skin olive-toned beneath the typical pallor, his hair a glossy black. He was of a medium build, hard-muscled, of course, but nothing next to Emmett's brawn. He smiled an easy smile, exposing a flash of gleaming white teeth. The woman was wilder, her eyes shifting restlessly between the men facing her, and the loose grouping around me, her chaotic hair quivering in the slight breeze. Her posture was distinctly feline. The second male hovered unobtrusively behind them, slighter than the leader, his light brown hair and regular features both nondescript. His eyes, though completely still, somehow seemed the most vigilant. Their eyes were different, too. Not the gold or black I had come to expect, but a deep burgundy color that was disturbing and sinister. The dark-haired man, still smiling, stepped toward Carlisle. â€Å"We thought we heard a game,† he said in a relaxed voice with the slightest of French accents. â€Å"I'm Laurent, these are Victoria and James.† He gestured to the vampires beside him. â€Å"I'm Carlisle. This is my family, Emmett and Jasper, Rosalie, Esme and Alice, Edward and Bella.† He pointed us out in groups, deliberately not calling attention to individuals. I felt a shock when he said my name. â€Å"Do you have room for a few more players?† Laurent asked sociably. Carlisle matched Laurent's friendly tone. â€Å"Actually, we were just finishing up. But we'd certainly be interested another time. Are you planning to stay in the area for long?† â€Å"We're headed north, in fact, but we were curious to see who was in the neighborhood. We haven't run into any company in a long time.† â€Å"No, this region is usually empty except for us and the occasional visitor, like yourselves.† The tense atmosphere had slowly subsided into a casual conversation; I guessed that Jasper was using his peculiar gift to control the situation. â€Å"What's your hunting range?† Laurent casually inquired. Carlisle ignored the assumption behind the inquiry. â€Å"The Olympic Range here, up and down the Coast Ranges on occasion. We keep a permanent residence nearby. There's another permanent settlement like ours up near Denali.† Laurent rocked back on his heels slightly. â€Å"Permanent? How do you manage that?† There was honest curiosity in his voice. â€Å"Why don't you come back to our home with us and we can talk comfortably?† Carlisle invited. â€Å"It's a rather long story.† James and Victoria exchanged a surprised look at the mention of the word â€Å"home,† but Laurent controlled his expression better. â€Å"That sounds very interesting, and welcome.† His smile was genial. â€Å"We've been on the hunt all the way down from Ontario, and we haven't had the chance to clean up in a while.† His eyes moved appreciatively over Carlisle's refined appearance. â€Å"Please don't take offense, but we'd appreciate it if you'd refrain from hunting in this immediate area. We have to stay inconspicuous, you understand,† Carlisle explained. â€Å"Of course.† Laurent nodded. â€Å"We certainly won't encroach on your territory. We just ate outside of Seattle, anyway,† he laughed. A shiver ran up my spine. â€Å"We'll show you the way if you'd like to run with us – Emmett and Alice, you can go with Edward and Bella to get the Jeep,† he casually added. Three things seemed to happen simultaneously while Carlisle was speaking. My hair ruffled with the light breeze, Edward stiffened, and the second male, James, suddenly whipped his head around, scrutinizing me, his nostrils flaring. A swift rigidity fell on all of them as James lurched one step forward into a crouch. Edward bared his teeth, crouching in defense, a feral snarl ripping from his throat. It was nothing like the playful sounds I'd heard from him this morning; it was the single most menacing thing I had ever heard, and chills ran from the crown of my head to the back of my heels. â€Å"What's this?† Laurent exclaimed in open surprise. Neither James nor Edward relaxed their aggressive poses. James feinted slightly to the side, and Edward shifted in response. â€Å"She's with us.† Carlisle's firm rebuff was directed toward James. Laurent seemed to catch my scent less powerfully than James, but awareness now dawned on his face. â€Å"You brought a snack?† he asked, his expression incredulous as he took an involuntary step forward. Edward snarled even more ferociously, harshly, his lip curling high above his glistening, bared teeth. Laurent stepped back again. â€Å"I said she's with us,† Carlisle corrected in a hard voice. â€Å"But she's human,† Laurent protested. The words were not at all aggressive, merely astounded. â€Å"Yes.† Emmett was very much in evidence at Carlisle's side, his eyes on James. James slowly straightened out of his crouch, but his eyes never left me, his nostrils still wide. Edward stayed tensed like a lion in front of me. When Laurent spoke, his tone was soothing – trying to defuse the sudden hostility. â€Å"It appears we have a lot to learn about each other.† â€Å"Indeed.† Carlisle's voice was still cool. â€Å"But we'd like to accept your invitation.† His eyes flicked toward me and back to Carlisle. â€Å"And, of course, we will not harm the human girl. We won't hunt in your range, as I said.† James glanced in disbelief and aggravation at Laurent and exchanged another brief look with Victoria, whose eyes still flickered edgily from face to face. Carlisle measured Laurent's open expression for a moment before he spoke. â€Å"We'll show you the way. Jasper, Rosalie, Esme?† he called. They gathered together, blocking me from view as they converged. Alice was instantly at my side, and Emmett fell back slowly, his eyes locked on James as he backed toward us. â€Å"Let's go, Bella.† Edward's voice was low and bleak. This whole time I'd been rooted in place, terrified into absolute immobility. Edward had to grip my elbow and pull sharply to break my trance. Alice and Emmett were close behind us, hiding me. I stumbled alongside Edward, still stunned with fear. I couldn't hear if the main group had left yet. Edward's impatience was almost tangible as we moved at human speed to the forest edge. Once we were into the trees, Edward slung me over his back without breaking stride. I gripped as tightly as possible as he took off, the others close on his heels. I kept my head down, but my eyes, wide with fright, wouldn't close. They plunged through the now-black forest like wraiths. The sense of exhilaration that usually seemed to possess Edward as he ran was completely absent, replaced by a fury that consumed him and drove him still faster. Even with me on his back, the others trailed behind. We reached the Jeep in an impossibly short time, and Edward barely slowed as he flung me in the backseat. â€Å"Strap her in,† he ordered Emmett, who slid in beside me. Alice was already in the front seat, and Edward was starting the engine. It roared to life and we swerved backward, spinning around to face the winding road. Edward was growling something too fast for me to understand, but it sounded a lot like a string of profanities. The jolting trip was much worse this time, and the darkness only made it more frightening. Emmett and Alice both glared out the side windows. We hit the main road, and though our speed increased, I could see much better where we were going. And we were headed south, away from Forks. â€Å"Where are we going?† I asked. No one answered. No one even looked at me. â€Å"Dammit, Edward! Where are you taking me?† â€Å"We have to get you away from here – far away – now.† He didn't look back, his eyes on the road. The speedometer read a hundred and five miles an hour. â€Å"Turn around! You have to take me home!† I shouted. I struggled with the stupid harness, tearing at the straps. â€Å"Emmett,† Edward said grimly. And Emmett secured my hands in his steely grasp. â€Å"No! Edward! No, you can't do this.† â€Å"I have to, Bella, now please be quiet.† â€Å"I won't! You have to take me back – Charlie will call the FBI! They'll be all over your family – Carlisle and Esme! They'll have to leave, to hide forever!† â€Å"Calm down, Bella.† His voice was cold. â€Å"We've been there before.† â€Å"Not over me, you don't! You're not ruining everything over me!† I struggled violently, with total futility. Alice spoke for the first time. â€Å"Edward, pull over.† He flashed her a hard look, and then sped up. â€Å"Edward, let's just talk this through.† â€Å"You don't understand,† he roared in frustration. I'd never heard his voice so loud; it was deafening in the confines of the Jeep. The speedometer neared one hundred and fifteen. â€Å"He's a tracker, Alice, did you see that? He's a tracker!† I felt Emmett stiffen next to me, and I wondered at his reaction to the word. It meant something more to the three of them than it did to me; I wanted to understand, but there was no opening for me to ask. â€Å"Pull over, Edward.† Alice's tone was reasonable, but there was a ring of authority in it I'd never heard before. The speedometer inched passed one-twenty. â€Å"Do it, Edward.† â€Å"Listen to me, Alice. I saw his mind. Tracking is his passion, his obsession – and he wants her, Alice – her, specifically. He begins the hunt tonight.† â€Å"He doesn't know where -â€Å" He interrupted her. â€Å"How long do you think it will take him to cross her scent in town? His plan was already set before the words were out of Laurent's mouth.† I gasped, knowing where my scent would lead. â€Å"Charlie! You can't leave him there! You can't leave him!† I thrashed against the harness. â€Å"She's right,† Alice said. The car slowed slightly. â€Å"Let's just look at our options for a minute,† Alice coaxed. The car slowed again, more noticeably, and then suddenly we screeched to a stop on the shoulder of the highway. I flew against the harness, and then slammed back into the seat. â€Å"There are no options,† Edward hissed. â€Å"I'm not leaving Charlie!† I yelled. He ignored me completely. â€Å"We have to take her back,† Emmett finally spoke. â€Å"No.† Edward was absolute. â€Å"He's no match for us, Edward. He won't be able to touch her.† â€Å"He'll wait.† Emmett smiled. â€Å"I can wait, too.† â€Å"You didn't see – you don't understand. Once he commits to a hunt, he's unshakable. We'd have to kill him.† Emmett didn't seem upset by the idea. â€Å"That's an option.† â€Å"And the female. She's with him. If it turns into a fight, the leader will go with them, too.† â€Å"There are enough of us.† â€Å"There's another option,† Alice said quietly. Edward turned on her in fury, his voice a blistering snarl. â€Å"There – is – no – other – option!† Emmett and I both stared at him in shock, but Alice seemed unsurprised. The silence lasted for a long minute as Edward and Alice stared each other down. I broke it. â€Å"Does anyone want to hear my plan?† â€Å"No,† Edward growled. Alice glared at him, finally provoked. â€Å"Listen,† I pleaded. â€Å"You take me back.† â€Å"No,† he interrupted. I glared at him and continued. â€Å"You take me back. I tell my dad I want to go home to Phoenix. I pack my bags. We wait till this tracker is watching, and then we run. He'll follow us and leave Charlie alone. Charlie won't call the FBI on your family. Then you can take me any damned place you want.† They stared at me, stunned. â€Å"It's not a bad idea, really.† Emmett's surprise was definitely an insult. â€Å"It might work – and we simply can't leave her father unprotected. You know that,† Alice said. Everyone looked at Edward. â€Å"It's too dangerous – I don't want him within a hundred miles of her.† Emmett was supremely confident. â€Å"Edward, he's not getting through us.† Alice thought for a minute. â€Å"I don't see him attacking. He'll try to wait for us to leave her alone.† â€Å"It won't take long for him to realize that's not going to happen.† â€Å"I demand that you take me home.† I tried to sound firm. Edward pressed his fingers to his temples and squeezed his eyes shut. â€Å"Please,† I said in a much smaller voice. He didn't look up. When he spoke, his voice sounded worn. â€Å"You're leaving tonight, whether the tracker sees or not. You tell Charlie that you can't stand another minute in Forks. Tell him whatever story works. Pack the first things your hands touch, and then get in your truck. I don't care what he says to you. You have fifteen minutes. Do you hear me? Fifteen minutes from the time you cross the doorstep.† The Jeep rumbled to life, and he spun us around, the tires squealing. The needle on the speedometer started to race up the dial. â€Å"Emmett?† I asked, looking pointedly at my hands. â€Å"Oh, sorry.† He let me loose. A few minutes passed in silence, other than the roar of the engine. Then Edward spoke again. â€Å"This is how it's going to happen. When we get to the house, if the tracker is not there, I will walk her to the door. Then she has fifteen minutes.† He glared at me in the rearview mirror. â€Å"Emmett, you take the outside of the house. Alice, you get the truck. I'll be inside as long as she is. After she's out, you two can take the Jeep home and tell Carlisle.† â€Å"No way,† Emmett broke in. â€Å"I'm with you.† â€Å"Think it through, Emmett. I don't know how long I'll be gone.† â€Å"Until we know how far this is going to go, I'm with you.† Edward sighed. â€Å"If the tracker is there,† he continued grimly, â€Å"we keep driving.† â€Å"We're going to make it there before him,† Alice said confidently. Edward seemed to accept that. Whatever his problem with Alice was, he didn't doubt her now. â€Å"What are we going to do with the Jeep?† she asked. His voice had a hard edge. â€Å"You're driving it home.† â€Å"No, I'm not,† she said calmly. The unintelligible stream of profanities started again. â€Å"We can't all fit in my truck,† I whispered. Edward didn't appear to hear me. â€Å"I think you should let me go alone,† I said even more quietly. He heard that. â€Å"Bella, please just do this my way, just this once,† he said between clenched teeth. â€Å"Listen, Charlie's not an imbecile,† I protested. â€Å"If you're not in town tomorrow, he's going to get suspicious.† â€Å"That's irrelevant. We'll make sure he's safe, and that's all that matters.† â€Å"Then what about this tracker? He saw the way you acted tonight. He's going to think you're with me, wherever you are.† Emmett looked at me, insultingly surprised again. â€Å"Edward, listen to her,† he urged. â€Å"I think she's right.† â€Å"Yes, she is,† Alice agreed. â€Å"I can't do that.† Edward's voice was icy. â€Å"Emmett should stay, too,† I continued. â€Å"He definitely got an eyeful of Emmett.† â€Å"What?† Emmett turned on me. â€Å"You'll get a better crack at him if you stay,† Alice agreed. Edward stared at her incredulously. â€Å"You think I should let her go alone?† â€Å"Of course not,† Alice said. â€Å"Jasper and I will take her.† â€Å"I can't do that,† Edward repeated, but this time there was a trace of defeat in his voice. The logic was working on him. I tried to be persuasive. â€Å"Hang out here for a week -† I saw his expression in the mirror and amended â€Å"- a few days. Let Charlie see you haven't kidnapped me, and lead this James on a wild-goose chase. Make sure he's completely off my trail. Then come and meet me. Take a roundabout route, of course, and then Jasper and Alice can go home.† I could see him beginning to consider it. â€Å"Meet you where?† â€Å"Phoenix.† Of course. â€Å"No. He'll hear that's where you're going,† he said impatiently. â€Å"And you'll make it look like that's a ruse, obviously. He'll know that we'll know that he's listening. He'll never believe I'm actually going where I say I am going.† â€Å"She's diabolical,† Emmett chuckled. â€Å"And if that doesn't work?† â€Å"There are several million people in Phoenix,† I informed him. â€Å"It's not that hard to find a phone book.† â€Å"I won't go home.† â€Å"Oh?† he inquired, a dangerous note in his voice. â€Å"I'm quite old enough to get my own place.† â€Å"Edward, we'll be with her,† Alice reminded him. â€Å"What are you going to do in Phoenix?† he asked her scathingly. â€Å"Stay indoors.† â€Å"I kind of like it.† Emmett was thinking about cornering James, no doubt. â€Å"Shut up, Emmett.† â€Å"Look, if we try to take him down while she's still around, there's a much better chance that someone will get hurt – she'll get hurt, or you will, trying to protect her. Now, if we get him alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He trailed off with a slow smile. I was right. The Jeep was crawling slowly along now as we drove into town. Despite my brave talk, I could feel the hairs on my arms standing up. I thought about Charlie, alone in the house, and tried to be courageous. â€Å"Bella.† Edward's voice was very soft. Alice and Emmett looked out their windows. â€Å"If you let anything happen to yourself- anything at all – I'm holding you personally responsible. Do you understand that?† â€Å"Yes,† I gulped. He turned to Alice. â€Å"Can Jasper handle this?† â€Å"Give him some credit, Edward. He's been doing very, very well, all things considered.† â€Å"Can you handle this?† he asked. And graceful little Alice pulled back her lips in a horrific grimace and let loose with a guttural snarl that had me cowering against the seat in terror. Edward smiled at her. â€Å"But keep your opinions to yourself,† he muttered suddenly.

Positive Behavior Support Essay

In essence, Positive Behavior Support or PBS refers to the general approach for providing a resolution to problems involving behaviors which are shown or manifested by individuals with certain disabilities (â€Å"Fact Sheet: Positive Behavior Support†, 2005). These behaviors deemed problematic may include but is not limited to: self-inflicted injury, aggressive behavior, and other similar destructive actions; tantric behavior and other disruptive physical responses; irritating conducts which are repeated in excess which include   behaviors that interfere with an individual’s social or learning interactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive Behavior Support is founded on values which are focused on the individual which necessitates methods that are considerably positive and respect the individual’s sense of dignity. Moreover, interventions through the use of PBS are done on an individual basis and are taken from the comprehension of the individual and the individual’s surrounding environment. Interventions through the use of PBS are commonly characterized of many strategies which entail collaboration between two or more support providers and care givers. Lastly, the tasks under the PBS methods should involve developments in terms of social relationships and other variants of enhancements to the person’s ‘lifestyle’ and declines in behavior problems (Jackson & Warren, 2000, p. 1441).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PBS starts with the recognition and establishment of a support team consisting of people who are most related to the life of the individual in need of PBS. Apparently, the support team may be composed largely of the members of the family, friends, classmates and school teachers and other people who are related in a certain way to the person and to the person’s problem behavior (Amado & Rivera, 1999, p. 375). The PBS plan is usually under the helm of the responsibility of the members of the support team.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the team has been identified, an agreement concerning the general goals or PBS vision is agreed upon by the team through the method termed as â€Å"person centered planning†. After identifying the vision, the team begins with the scheme to obtain information regarding the problem behavior. Consequently, the team then jots down the PBS plan which is comprised of several components or which include strategies for: preempting the problem behaviors before they take place; teaching and giving increments to skills which are designed to change the problem behaviors; handling the problem behaviors if or when these behaviors do occur, and; for checking and observing progress in order to evaluate the progress of the PBS plan and to create adjustments accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, Tary J. Tobin (2007) argues for the use of PBS in identifying â€Å"ways to assess and measure behavior support practices in schools†, in developing processes which support classroom teachers, and contributing to sustainable â€Å"positive behavior support systems for students† with behavior problems which place them â€Å"at risk for emotional and behavioural disorders† (p. 2). The author specifically showed evidence on the application of PBS specifically Project FIVE or Functional Interventions in Versatile Environments in the development and sustainment of PBS in various systems such as School Wide System, Classroom and Non-Classroom Systems (Tobin, 2007, p. 2). The author was able to arrive at the conclusion that PBS benefits the aim of not only resolving problem behaviors but also preventing the occurrence of problem behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another case example is that of the observations of Lise Fox, Susan Jack and Linda Broyles (2005) which arrived at several notable conclusions. It was found out that PBS initiative has paved the way for life-changing results for children such as the decrease in the â€Å"number of children identified as having challenging behavior† who were then referred for mental health services (p. 13). The authors were also able to determine the conclusion that children are capable of understanding and following â€Å"behavior expectations† inasmuch as they â€Å"support each other in following classroom expectations†, are capable of making transitions from one classroom to another classroom with minimal or zero difficulties with regard to the observation that children â€Å"adjust to the classroom more quickly† (p. 13).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The findings of the reviewed articles relate to the rationale for using PBS— to provide a resolution to problems involving behaviors which are shown or manifested by individuals with certain disabilities—inasmuch as the methods used for meeting the goals of PBS directly meet the objectives. Tobin’s (2007) methods, arguments and findings were able to substantiate on the general application of PBS in schools and its desired effects on the resolution of problem behaviors. On the other hand, Fox, Jack and Broyles (2005) focused on a less general scope in the application of PBS—school children in the classroom setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two articles are only some of the many studies conducted in reaffirming the effect and effectiveness of Positive Behavior Support in providing answers to the problem behaviors of children especially young students with disruptive behaviors and in preventing the occurrence of these behaviors. Further, PBS is shown as a means of lessening the hindrances in the learning environments of students and children alike. Since PBS primarily involves the people who are closest or who are directly related to the individual in need of PBS, there is strong reason to believe that the individual will be able to overcome problem behaviors in the process. References Amato, P. R., & Rivera, F. (1999). Paternal Involvement and Children’s Behavior Problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), 375. Fact Sheet: Positive Behavior Support. (2005).  Ã‚   Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:IQEnuBe9mtEJ:www.ucf-card.org/uploads/factsheets/1187875091_eng.pdf+Positive+Behavior+Support&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=13&gl=ph Fox, L., Jack, S., & Broyles, L. (2005). Program-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Supporting Young Children’s Social-Emotional Development and Addressing Challenging Behavior [Electronic Version], 1-17. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:sCY8zBaOfjEJ:challengingbehavior.fmhi.usf.edu/Kansas_Book_Web.pdf+Positive+Behavior+Support&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=ph Jackson, Y., & Warren, J. S. (2000). Appraisal, Social Support, and Life Events: Predicting Outcome Behavior in School-Age Children. Child Development 71(5), 1441. Tobin, T. J. (2007). Systems of Individual Support: The Functional Interventions in Versatile Environments Project’s Pilot Study of Evaluation Tools [Electronic Version], 1-46. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.uoregon.edu/~ttobin/measure.pdf

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions By Mark Nichol One of my pet peeves as an editor (and editors are notoriously peevish, and we only become more so with experience) is the presentation of glosses. A gloss, in language, is a brief definition or explanation of an unfamiliar term or concept. (The previous sentence includes a gloss of the word gloss, though a fairly long one; they often consist of a single word, or several at most.) Two of the more familiar definitions of gloss as a noun can be described as â€Å"a concealment of truth† (virtually antonymic to the meaning under discussion here) and â€Å"an act of putting a positive spin on something,† which is related to the connotation of deceit; the sense of gloss as â€Å"explanation,† however, is more akin to the idea of providing a sheen with a clear view to what’s underneath, as in â€Å"lip gloss† or â€Å"high-gloss paint.† One problem with language glosses is that they invite the use of scare quotes, or gratuitous quotation marks that frame a word or phrase to provide emphasis. (That last phrase is a gloss of â€Å"scare quotes.† Also, understand that the quotes here, in turn, are not scare quotes but, rather, valid markers of a phrase I want to call out for attention, like a word italicized to emphasize that the word itself, not the thing, is under discussion.) Note the unnecessary use of scare quotes in the following sentence (formatted as single quotation marks because the sample sentence is framed in double quotes): â€Å"The trend of cross-border reproductive care, or ‘medical tourism,’ is popular in Europe.† But there’s another, equally egregious issue: The gloss precedes the term. In addition to omitting the scare quotes, introduce the term, then gloss it, not the other way around: â€Å"The trend of medical tourism, or cross-border reproductive care, is popular in Europe.† Scare quotes are extraneous when introducing slang, too. Look at this sentence: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singaporean English, or ‘Singlish.’† The scare quotes are condescending, as if the writer is holding the reader’s hand, patting it, and saying, â€Å"There, there, dear. I’ll protect you from any scary words you haven’t seen before. See? There’s one up ahead right now.† And, again, why explain the term before the reader reads it? Let the reader dance on the precipice of danger for an instant: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singlish, or Singaporean English.† Worse yet when glosses are concerned is the absence of appositive punctuation, as here: â€Å"They built the domed snow houses or igloos most people associate with Eskimos.† Never mind that igloos is not exactly an exotic term, and that the definition precedes it; the lack of internal punctuation implies that the object is â€Å"domed snow houses or (domed) igloos.† In fact, the object is â€Å"domed snow houses,† followed by the appositive term igloos. (An appositive is a term equivalent in meaning to another one, as in â€Å"the writer Melville† or â€Å"the country of Morocco† or â€Å"the runner-up, Smith.† Note that common appositives are set off from proper ones with commas only if they’re restrictive, or can apply only to a specific corresponding noun. There there’s another gloss right there.) Notice that the first two examples in this post correctly set the gloss off from the defined term with a brace of commas. The correct form of the third example follows: â€Å"They built the igloos, or domed snow houses, most people associate with Eskimos.† The bottom line: Put a shine on your glosses by placing them after the defined term and framing them within commas (or parentheses or em dashes, if either seems more appropriate). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

JetBlue - Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

JetBlue - Case Study - Coursework Example To analyze the strength and stability of the sales revenue earned by the company over the years, ratio analysis will be useful. Thus in this case study ratio analysis is applied for evaluating the increase in net revenue in relation to increased operating expenses. â€Å"Profitability reflects the final result of business operations.† (Chandra, 77). In order to identify the profitability of a company, gross profit ratio analysis and net profit ratio analysis have to be undertaken. The trend in the gross profit ratio of the company over the years shows that there is an increase in its gross profit. From a loss of about $21188000 in the starting year of 2000, JetBlue earned a gross profit rate of 8.366 % in the next year itself. This shows that the company has a high potential to overcome its financial challenges. In the year 2002, the gross profit ratio had increased to 16.528%. The half year performance of JetBlue shows a gross profit ratio of 18.07%. But after that in the next half year there occurred a slight decline in gross profit ratio can be seen. It is 17.32 %. The gross profit rate graph of the company shows signs of significant increase. Net profit ratio analysis of JetBlue further shows that the operating performance is considerably improving. In the initial year, the company has incurred operating loss of $ 21330000. In the next year, company earned net profit of $ 38537000. The net profit ratio in the year2001 is 12.027%. In 2002, it decreased to 8.64%. During the first half of 2003, it again increased to 9.76 % and in the next half year it further increased to 11.977%. Thus, the net profit ratio of JetBlue is not found to be stable in nature. The ratio analysis on sales revenue shows that there is fluctuation in the net profit of the company over the past three years. This is due to higher operating costs resulting from increased interest expenses and increased taxation charges. â€Å"Financial risk can be measured from operating

Fuell cell technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Fuell cell technology - Essay Example It does not take a great deal of environmental knowledge to realize that the effect that humans are having upon the environment has produced noticeable side effects. Although technology has aided in making life easier, the fact of the matter is that many of the negative impacts that humans are currently displaying upon the environment are the direct result of the technological advancement that has been realized within the past few hundred years. Almost invariably, the negative impact that humans have upon the environment is both the result of the production process of passenger cars as well as the pollutant nature in which they oftentimes operate. Once again, technology, within the past few decades, has aided automobile manufacturers in greatly reducing emissions; however, the fact of the matter is that within the current technology of engine designed and means of transportation that is practiced, there is only a certain amount that can be improved without moving on to a new more sus tainable and efficient process. As a function of this unique juncture that exists, this analysis will pay a particular level of interest with regards to fuel-cell technology, the use of CNG, and LPG fuels as well as seeking to measure their overall efficiency, abundance, and cleanliness with respect to the environment. Fuel cell technology Though it may seem as something that is only been around for a relatively short period of time, the fuel-cell can trace its basic principle back as far as 1893; discovered by Sir William Grove. More recently NASA utilized the same principles of the fuel-cell in seeking to power space exploration vehicles; such as the moon car that was used on the Apollo mission. As technology has increased, fuel cells and become much more popular within the consumer market; even powering homes around the world. At its most basic level, the fuel cell is nothing more than a battery which is powered by hydrogen. In comparison to the fuel efficiency of such a mechanis m, one should consider the fact that the energy content in a single kilogram of hydrogen is greater than three times the same amount of gasoline. Moreover, as any introductory chemistry lesson will make plainly evident, hydrogen is the most common element within the entire universe; making this an ideal fuel to exploit without the necessary drawbacks that fossil fuels bear. However, environmentally speaking, the greatest advantage of hydrogen is the fact that the process of burning hydrogen as fuel creates no exhaust rather than mere water and oxygen. With regards to the overall drawback, the greatest of these is the fact that storing and readily retrieving the hydrogen any useful state has provided researchers with many difficulties. The fuel-cell benefits on the mechanical level of fuel cell can be used to provide motion to a vehicle by producing electricity which then drives an electric motor providing power to the wheels. Due to fact that fuel cells do not have any specific omis sions, such as carbon, the net exhaust of this process is environmentally neutral. Moreover, and perhaps more importantly from the engineering standpoint, the fuel-cell represents a more efficient transfer of energy as compared to internal combustion engines (upwards of 40%